The US says its forces have carried out strikes in Iraq on three facilities used by Iran-backed militia.
The "proportionate" strikes targeted "Kataib Hezbollah militia group and other Iran-affiliated groups", Defence Secretary Lloyd Austin said.
He said the precision strikes were "in direct response" to attacks against US and coalition allies in Iraq and Syria.
But a senior Iraqi official said they were a "flagrant violation of Iraq's sovereignty".
Iraq's National Security Adviser Qassem al-Aaraji added that the US strikes did not help bring calm.
Writing on X, formerly Twitter, he said that "the US should pile on pressure for a halt to the Israeli offensive in Gaza rather than targeting and bombing the bases of an Iraqi national body".
He was referring to the alliance of Iran-backed former paramilitary groups, Hashed al-Shaabi (Popular Mobilisation force), which is now integrated in the regular armed forces.
Last week, a number of US military personnel were injured in a missile attack on an airbase in western Iraq.
US officials said they were "undergoing evaluation for traumatic brain injuries".
The US military's Central Command (CentCom) said at the time that an Iran-backed militia targeted the Al Asad airbase, which hosts American troops, with ballistic missiles and rockets.
A group calling itself the Islamic Resistance in Iraq claimed responsibility for that attack.
The group emerged in late 2023 and is comprised of several Iran-affiliated armed groups operating in Iraq. It has claimed other attacks against US forces in recent weeks.
In a statement, Mr Austin praised the "professionalism" of US military personnel in planning and conducting the latest strikes in Iraq as part of efforts "to further dismantle and degrade ISIS [the Islamic State group]."
Mr Austin stressed that he and US President Joe Biden "will not hesitate to take necessary action" to defend American interests.
"We do not seek to escalate conflict in the region. We are fully prepared to take further measures to protect our people and our facilities. We call on these groups and their Iranian sponsors to immediately cease these attacks," he said.
In a separate statement, CentCom said the strikes were carried out at 00:15 local time (21:15 GMT Tuesday) in response to the attack - among others - on Al Asad airbase in western Iraq on 20 January.
"These strikes targeted [Kataib Hezbollah] headquarters, storage, and training locations for rocket, missile, and one-way attack UAV capabilities," CentCom said.
Kataib Hezbollah, or Brigades of the Party of God, is a powerful Iraqi Shia militia that receives financial and military support from Iran.
It is believed to have strong links with Iran's Quds Force, the overseas operations arm of the Islamic Revolution Guard Corps.
Since 2009, the US has designated the group as a terrorist organisation, accusing it of attacking US and Iraqi forces in Iraq on behalf of Iran, and of threatening the peace and stability of Iraq.
After its latest strikes on Kataib Hezbollah, the US military provided no details on where in Iraq the targeted militia facilities were located.
Saturday's attack on Al Asad airbase followed a US drone strike in Baghdad earlier this month in which a pro-Iran militia leader was killed.
US troops in Iraq and Syria have been attacked dozens of times by Iran-aligned militants since the Israel-Gaza war started in October.
The US military and its allies - including the UK - have also intervened to stop Houthi missile attacks on international shipping in the Red Sea.
Washington and London have carried out strikes against the Houthis - an Iran-backed rebel group controlling much of western Yemen.
On Wednesday, CentCom said US forces had conducted another round of strikes against two Houthi anti-ship missiles "that were aimed into the southern Red Sea and were prepared to launch".
"US forces identified the missiles in Houthi-controlled areas of Yemen and determined that they presented an imminent threat to merchant vessels and the US Navy ships in the region. US forces subsequently struck and destroyed the missiles in self-defence," CentCom added.
The Iranian military has carried out a number of missile strikes over the last week against targets in Syria, Iraq and Pakistan.
Last Saturday, Iran accused Israel of carrying out an airstrike in the Syrian capital Damascus, which killed five senior members of Iran's security forces.
