More than 4m Tube journeys were made during one day last week, marking the highest number since the pandemic.
Transport for London (TfL) confirmed the figure was recorded on Thursday 23 November, with 24.8m Tube journeys completed throughout the week.
It said ridership was returning to pre-pandemic levels, with Tube journeys up 7.6% on the equivalent day last year.
Sadiq Khan said: "This impressive boost in ridership will support London's and indeed the whole UK's wider economy."
TfL said that midweek ridership on the Tube was regularly above 3.7m journeys and up by about 6.5% compared with last year.
It added that bus ridership was reaching about 5m journeys daily, with around 325,000 journeys on the Docklands Light Railway and 625,000 on the Overground on an average weekday.
Mayor of London Mr Khan said London needed central government support and "sustained capital investment over multiple years" to deliver its transport system.
Muniya Barua, deputy chief executive of membership organisation BusinessLDN, said: "These rising Tube numbers demonstrate the urgent need for the government to agree a long-term capital funding settlement for TfL.
"Providing certainty on funding would not only benefit the capital's economy but also support jobs and growth across the country through TfL's supply chain."
A Department for Transport spokesperson said: "It is for the mayor to ensure TfL can deliver transport services in the capital. To support this, we have provided more than £6bn since 2020, on top of TfL also receiving just under £1.2bn in capital grant funding until the end of March 2024. The current funding settlement is a way to provide revenue protection."
